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Tuesday, August 28, 2007
Tuesday Book Club - Misquoting Jesus Part 4
Bart Ehrman's Misquoting Jesus not only spent weeks on the bestseller list, but it also sparked a wave of controversy. One can find numerous critiques on the internet and the reaction books like Misquotes in Misquoting Jesus: Why You Can Still Believe and Misquoting Truth: A Guide to the Fallacies of Bart Ehrman's Misquoting Jesus are hitting the shelves. But what is the big deal? Most of the criticisms are not about the concept of textual criticism itself (I guess its hard to critique something you don't think exists), but more about details Ehrman deals with and most significantly about Ehrman's personal faith and agenda. In fact most reviews of the book give it credit for being a good basic introduction to Textual Criticism 101 - it's about stuff most Bible scholars know already. But beyond that the criticisms start pouring in. While the examination of the details of the book is helpful for a balanced perspective of the facts, I want to address a few of the most common ideological criticisms of the book here. (and yes this is really long and scattered...)

1. Ehrman is being provocative and fear-mongering without cause. Most scholars see nothing really new in Ehrman's arguments and so dislike his attempt to shock the lay believer with his ideas. This angle chides Ehrman for trying to be popular by making the average Christian doubt their faith. The assumption is that the average believer is incapable of sifting through the issues and discerning truth from agenda. Basically that we are too stupid to cope with the basics of Biblical scholarship. A couple of quotes from critics -
"One almost gets the impression that he is encouraging the Chicken Littles in the Christian community to panic at data that they are simply not prepared to wrestle with. Time and time again in the book, highly charged statements are put forth that the untrained person simply cannot sift through. And that approach resembles more an alarmist mentality than what a mature, master teacher is able to offer. "

"Lay Christians DO NOT know this information. And more to the point, if they did, how could they trust the church, OR the Bible again? For centuries, members have been told that the Bible is the divinely inspired, inerrant word of God. This has been translated to mean that God actually guided the hands of the books' authors. Within Christian churches this has been debated, but there is no question that a large number of Christians lean to the "guided" hand idea---which is why many churches do NOT preach on biblical history or theology regarding biblical canonization or textual criticism"
2. Ehrman feels like he has to prove something to himself and others by converting them to his liberal agenda. Since Ehrman was exposed to an imbalanced fundamentalist form of Christianity (at Moody and Wheaton), he is just working through his emotional wounds in book form. If he was more balanced he wouldn't make such extreme statements. He also knows what he believes and his agenda is to convert others to believe as he does. That apparently is not respectable or scholarly. Plus it is liberal which according to some cannot be equated with true Christianity.
"In fact, I believe that his need to support his own rejection of his early fundamentalism and his ultimate rejection of Christianity as a whole (now an agnostic), has caused him to seek out the minority text–and to support the ’strange’ variant, all under the pretext of ‘good’ scholarship."

"I believe that he wrote a ‘popular’ book on this subject (that is- a book for popular use rather than a scholarly work) to combat the influence of the Bible in the lives of millions of Christians and in everyday decisions made by believers–including political choices. Why do I say That?: A major promotion of the book–major publisher, major book stores, major media exposure, radio and TV interviews, plus major print media reviews–all with an unstated underlying liberal hope of finally getting at those darn ‘red state’–’Bible Belt’ evangelical conservative Christians... Political issues are noted in the introduction and the conclusion of the book. (Page 14- “…abortion, women’s rights, gay rights, religious supremacy, Western-style democracy, and the like?”; page 217- “..homosexuality, women in the church, abortion, divorce, and even American foreign policy…”). Ehrman seems to imply that our ‘fundamentalist’ belief in the Bible texts, cause us to make unfortunate conservative decisions.
3. Ehrman misunderstands inspiration and inerrancy. Ehrman thinks that inerrant means that God dictated the Bible to the writers. But "most Evangelical scholars believe that the words are ‘God-breathed’ and inspired, but recognize that the writings still reflect the style and language of the human authors. Many would also contend that the ‘verbal/plenary’ understanding of inspiration, goes somewhat beyond the historical orthodox Christian teaching on inerrancy." So they say Ehrman is attacking an understanding of scripture that doesn't really exist among scholars. To this I wonder if the academic ivory tower got in the way of observing reality. Ehrman is writing a popular level book, and is respond to what the lay Christian thinks. And many average believers think that God dictated scripture not matter what the scholars may say.

4. Ehrman strays from evangelical Biblical belief. Since he no longer trusts what the Bible says about itself nor the evangelical doctrine of scripture, he is out of bounds and is trying to make good Christians lose their faith. Presenting these ideas only serves to weaken faith and destroy belief. Doubt will creep in if Christians engage with outside opinions and so they shouldn't risk being exposed to opposing viewpoints.
"The fact is, he has taken an unnecessary and illogical leap into spiritual quicksand by trusting his own fallible reason over what we are expressly told in the infallible Word of God: Holy Scripture is ultimately divine, not human, in its origin. If you are a skeptic who has read Bart Ehrman's book, it is likely that you found it to be a comfortable and scholarly affirmation of your skepticism. Being satisfied in this way, you will likely look no further. Misquoting Jesus has become your blissful Nirvana, isolating you from the difficulties related to facing the facts which would challenge your position. If you have already made the decision to become "a happy agnostic," based on Bart Ehrman's book, I urge you to reconsider... Given the uncertainty and brevity of life, this is a matter you need to take seriously now, because one day soon—likely sooner than you think—your agnostic "happiness," like Bart Ehrman's, will come to a sudden and terrifying end.

How do you respond to these sorts of criticisms? What others have you heard? Do they aid in your understanding of the book or the ideas behind the book? As lay believers is it difficult to find balanced and helpful ways to engage with these issues?

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posted by Julie at 11:02 AM ¤ Permalink ¤ 9 comments
Tuesday, August 21, 2007
Tuesday Book Club - Misquoting Jesus Part 3
Many of us on this blog have wrestled with what the Bible and the church say about the role of women in the church. Ongoing conversations about original intent, redemptive trajectory, translation issues, and historical evidence all play a role in those discussions. For our Tuesday Book Club this week, I want to look at the approach Bart Ehrman brings to this discussion in his book Misquoting Jesus.

Ehrman states that disputes arose regarding the role of women in the early church "precisely because women had a role - often a significant and publicly high profile role." This was one of the main criticisms the pagan early opponents of Christianity leveled against it. But since Paul didn't urge a complete social revolution (equality of the sexes) just as he didn't urge for the abolition of slavery (although he said there is neither slave or free), future generation continued to debate the worth and place of women. This led to the suppression of the role of women in the church altogether.

To Ehrman part of this suppression involved the creation of letters written in Paul's name, but by others with different agendas. Many scholars believe that the book of 1 Timothy with its extreme views of women was one such book. It contradicts Paul's earlier ideas because it is not by Paul and was written later. Similarly as the debates continued scribes made changes to scripture in order to limit the role of women and alter texts that seemed too permissive. Examples include restrictive passages missing in some early manuscripts, the changing of the apostle's female name Junia (a common name) to the unheard of male name Junias (because women couldn't be apostles), and changing texts like "prominent women" to "wives of prominent men."

This approach assumes that yes, those passages as we read them in the scripture are oppressive and restrictive of women. But that textual criticism implies that those passages were not originally written as such but were altered by scribes trying to align scriptures with their own sense of the limited role of women. This is a very different approach from those who assume that the scriptures as we have them are what God intended, but that our sexist prejudices have led to restrictive interpretations. How do you react to these different approaches to the troublesome passages regarding women? Does one approach make more sense to you? What are the problems with either approach and which may be the most helpful to the cause of women?

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posted by Julie at 10:53 AM ¤ Permalink ¤ 14 comments
Tuesday, August 14, 2007
Tuesday Book Club - Misquoting Jesus Part 2
This is the second installment of the Emerging Women's August book discussion of Bart Ehrman's Misquoting Jesus. This week we will look at Ehrman's basic premises and some of his examples. Next week we will look closer at how these ideas apply to women in the Bible and church history and then we will conclude the month by discussing the criticisms of the book. In the Q&A section included in the paperback version of the book, Ehrman outlines the main ideas present in the book -
  • We do not have the original manuscripts of any of the books in the New Testament, but only copies - over 5000 copies, just in the Greek language in which these books were originally written.

  • Most of these copies are centuries removed from the originals.

  • All of these copies contain mistakes both great and small, as scribes either inadvertently or intentionally altered the text.

  • The vast majority of these changes are insignificant, immaterial, and of no importance for the meaning of the passages in which they are found.

  • Other, however, are quite significant. sometimes the meaning of a verse, a passage, or an entire book depends on which textual variants the scholar decides are "original."

  • As a result, there are many passages of the New Testament where scholars continue to debate the original wording. And there are some in which we will probably never know what the authors originally wrote.


Ehrman explores the reasons for these mistakes and alterations. Some of the mistakes are accidental - scribes miswrote words or skipped lines. These mistakes were then copied by other scribes which led to series of manuscripts that differed from others. Some mistakes changed the meaning of the text by creating nonsense or by altering meaning. (some manuscripts have John 5:39 saying that the scriptures are sinning against Jesus and other manuscripts say that they bear witness to Jesus). Other changes are more intentional. If a scribe came upon a verse that just didn't make sense to him, he might alter it to something more comfortable assuming that a mistake had already been made and that he was correcting it. Other intentional alterations involved using the scripture to promote one theological view over another. For example in order to combat the Docetic heresy (which claimed that Jesus only seemed to be human but really wasn't "fully man"), scripture was altered to stress the humanity of Jesus. Passages that didn't include strong statements of humanity had them added in - like the lines about Jesus "sweating blood" in Luke. Changes were also made to make the scriptures more acceptable and relevant to the surrounding cultures. To the Pagans who scorned a "Son of God" who was common, poor, and convicted as a criminal, certain verses were changed to portray Jesus in a less base manner (saying he was only a son of a carpenter and not a carpenter himself as the text originally had it.)

Example after example is given over debates over which manuscript has the more original meaning. Ehrman discusses the historical search for accurate manuscripts and the process which scholars use to determine which version is closest to the original (all the while admitting that we will never fully know what exactly the originals said.) I found it a fascinating process to see how the politics, bickerings, and human conditions produced such different texts of scripture. And while we at this point have very good manuscripts to make translations from, I am fully aware that there are still politics and debates that influence what words appear in our English translations. Living in a area full of publishing houses and bible translators, I have heard from those translators or staff the often painful stories of how we get our most popular translations. Stories of committees who were overruled in their translation by a powerful big name who had a differing interpretation. Or of translation houses who have board members who are very very outspoken against women which results in those translations including the restrictive translations of the passages involving women. As Ehrman writes, "Texts do not simply reveal their own meanings to honest inquirers. Texts are interpreted, and they are interpreted (just as they were written) by living, breathing human beings, who can make sense of the texts only by explaining them in light of their own knowledge, explicating their meaning, putting the words of the texts "in other words.""

So how do we respond? Did any of the examples given shock you or shake your assumed faith? Do the examples help you understand the Bible more or less? How do you feel about the Bible being altered to be relevant to discussions that mean little to most people these days? Does knowledge of textual criticism leave you wanting to learn more or does it overwhelm you?

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posted by Julie at 11:01 AM ¤ Permalink ¤ 16 comments
Tuesday, August 07, 2007
Tuesday Book Club - Misquoting Jesus Part 1
In the introduction to Misquoting Jesus, Bart Ehrman discusses his journey through various Christian traditions and approaches to the interpretation of scripture. From nominal mainline, to born-again fundamentalist, to evangelical, and back to mainline, Ehrman experienced some of the most prominent expressions of Christianity in America. As is typical in those traditions, Ehrman viewed those outside his current placement with derision. Those who were from other traditions or who interpreted scripture differently were often not even seen as real Christians. In fact in his fundamentalist days it was unheard of to even admit that biblical interpretation takes place since everything was supposedly inerrant and literal. But as he studied ancient languages and history and went further in his Biblical studies, Ehrman realized that there was much more involved with the Bible than his simple conceptions had led him to believe.

Over the course of this month, we will explore some of the theories and interpretations Ehrman presents, but this week it might be good to explore our backgrounds.
  • What traditions have we come from and how did those traditions approach the Bible?
  • Were you taught that the Bible was the inerrant word of God? And what exactly did that mean?
  • Did your tradition interpret the Bible literally, metaphorically, or dynamically?
  • Did your tradition even admit that the Bible is interpreted at all?
  • Did you ever encounter the historical and cultural setting of the Bible or did that matter?
  • Was the Bible presented as the Word of God or the writings of men, and what did that mean for how it was read?
  • Have you ever even heard of textual criticism, original documents, or translation issues?
  • Was the Bible the fourth member of the Trinity and the first point on your church's statement of faith or was it a coffee table decoration?
  • And were those to saw the Bible differently that the tradition you were a part of looked upon with scorn and derision or not even considered real Christians?


This whole issue is a very emotionally charged issue for many. I remember when I first encountered (at Wheaton like Ehrman) the idea that there are other valid ways of interpreting scripture and being a Christian than that with which I had grown up. I was fascinated by that and sought to explore and learn more. Others I knew denied the idea and shut down any conversation on that topic. I still get nasty comments and emails from fundamentalists when I bring up the mere concept of Biblical interpretation on my blog. So I want to start this month's discussion with a time to share our stories. To let each other know our journeys and our struggles. I ask for truthfulness and respect and hope that we can better understand what this issue looks like from a wide variety of perspectives.

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posted by Julie at 9:57 AM ¤ Permalink ¤ 14 comments